Aristotle’s second component of rhetoric, arrangement, is the composition of the parts of a discourse into an effective (that is, persuasive) whole. By contrast with more elaborate schemes developed later, Aristotle argues that a speech needs no more than four parts.25 The most important are the central two, the statement of the case and the proof (which includes any refutation of another view). Before the statement of case comes the exordium, which seeks to obtain the goodwill and the ear of the